This picture from Krol et al. (2013) shows total CO columns for the 5 August 2010 as measured by IASI (upper panel) and calculated by the TM5 model with optimised emissions (lower panel), based on prior emission scenario MERGED (see Table 1). The lower panel shows the grid definition for this project. The black grid represents the global 6×4 resolution, the light pink grid the 3×2 region and a 1×1 horizontal resolution is employed within the green square. The black circle indicates Moscow, and the coloured circles represent individual IASI observations. The white and black box in the upper panel refer to region R1 and R2, respectively.